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    June 24

    灵岩寺(ZZ)

    灵岩寺位于山东济南长清区,其内千佛殿中40尊等身高的彩绘罗汉像,分别塑于宋代明代,是闻名的雕塑艺术珍品,被近代文学家梁启超誉为“海内第一名塑”。

    灵岩寺座落在
    泰山西北支脉的灵岩山上,并因山而得名。它由高僧朗公创建于东晋时代,在北魏太武帝太平真君七年(公元446年) 被毁,后来,又在北魏孝明帝正光年间(公元520年至525年)由法定和尚主持重建。到唐代,灵岩寺已经具有相当规模,至北宋则达到鼎盛。以后的金元明清数代,寺院虽然未再扩大,但依然保持了相当的规模。

    灵岩寺内幸存的古代艺术珍品中,最有价值的莫过于千佛殿内的40尊彩塑罗汉像。这些塑像环列于殿内四周的壁坛上,坛座高约78厘米,脚座高约33厘米,坛座至罗汉头顶高约155厘米,整体看大小一致,比真人略大。塑像大都完成于宋代,少量是明代塑的。

    创作塑像的古代匠师们大胆地采用了写实风格,不但形体、比例、相貌与真人维妙维肖,血脉、筋骨也清晰可见,完全符合人体解剖学。塑像的衣饰贴体利落,对衣纹线条的曲直、角度的转折,光线的明暗都注意到了刚柔相济和虚实对比,甚至透过衣纹可以体察到人体的筋骨。此外,衣饰的细部制作也十分精致,即使衣带的来龙去脉和结扣的穿插都交代得清清楚楚。在创作中,工匠们摒弃了宗教作品一贯的冷漠,对人物的性格刻画入微。尽管这些罗汉均采用座姿,但由于动作各异,形神不同,竟无一丝单调的感觉,反而因为它们丰富的面部表情,使人平添一种亲切的感觉。

    灵岩寺罗汉像在中国雕塑史上占有重要的地位。中国当代艺术大师刘海粟在参观后,欣然挥毫题道“灵岩名塑,天下第一,有血有肉,活灵活现”。

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